GANGGUAN MENSTRUASI PADA SISWI DISABILITAS GRAHITA DI SEKOLAH LUAR BIASA

Abstract

Pada awal terjadinya menstruasi, hormon dalam tubuh seorang perempuan masih belum stabil sehingga mereka rentan mengalami gangguan menstruasi.  Masih sedikit laporan mengenai gangguan menstruasi pada siswi dengan disabilitas grahita.  Tujuan: mengetahui gangguan menstruasi, khususnya terkait Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) dan Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), serta jenis bantuan yang diperlukan saat menstruasi pada siswi disabilitas grahita di Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY).  Metode: penelitian deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional pada 108 siswi disabilitas grahita dari 17 SLB di Provinsi DIY. Data dikumpulkan pada Januari-Maret 2016.  Instrumen berupa kuesioner yang berisi identitas subjek penelitian, riwayat kesehatan, riwayat menstruasi, dan informasi dan bantuan saat menstruasi.  Gejala PMS dan PMDD ditetapkan berdasarkan kriteria American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists dan American Psychiatric Association. Data dianalisis dengan analisis univariat.  Hasil: Rata-rata usia responden adalah 18,03±3,45 tahun.  Sebanyak 7,41% responden mengalami gejala PMS dan 8,33% mengalami gejala PMDD.  Jenis informasi yang paling banyak dibutuhkan adalah mengenai proses terjadinya menstruasi (81,48%). Responden membutuhkan bantuan ketika memakai (22,42%) dan membersihkan pembalut (21,5) saat menstruasi.  Diskusi: Fungsi adaptif pada disabilitas grahita dapat berkontribusi terhadap persentase responden yang mengalami gejala PMS/PMDD sehingga pemberi perawatan perlu melihat perubahan mood dan perilaku yang dialami responden selama siklus menstruasi.  Pemberian informasi mengenai menstruasi dapat dioptimalkan dengan menggunakan media dan metode komunikasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Kesimpulan: Siswi disabilitas grahita, orang tua, maupun guru SLB perlu mengenali gejala PMS dan PMDD sehingga dapat meminimalkan dampaknya dan mengoptimalkan penanganannya.

Kata Kunci: gangguan menstruasi, disabilitas grahita

Menstrual Disorders in Students with Mental Disability at Special Schools

ABSTRACT

At the beginning of menstruation, the hormones in a woman's body are still unstable so they are vulnerable to menstrual disorders.  There are still few reports of menstrual disorders from the perspective of students with mental disability. Objective: to reveal menstrual disorders, especially those related to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), as well as types of assistance needed during menstruation by students with mild mental disability who attend Special Schools (SLB) in Yogyakarta Special Region Province. Methods: This research is descriptive with a cross sectional design. It was conducted on 108 students with mild mental disability who attended 17 special schools in Yogyakarta Province. Data were collected from January 2016 until March 2016 through interview techniques with a questionnaire guide containing identity of research subject, health history, menstruation history, and information and assistance during menstruation.  PMS was determined based on ACOG criteria and PMDD based on DSM-IV. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis. Results: The average age of the respondents was 18.03±3.45. There were 7.41% respondents experienced PMS and 8.33% respondents experienced PMDD.  Most respondents stated that they wanted to know information related to menstruation (96.3%). The type of the most needed information was information about the process of menstruation (81.48%). 22.43% and 21.5% of respondents needed assistance when wearing and cleaning sanitary napkins. Discussion: Adaptive function in mental disabilities could contribute to the percentage of respondents who experience PMS/PMDD symptoms, so care providers need to look at changes in mood and behavior experienced by respondents during the menstrual cycle.  The provision of information about menstruation could be optimized by using media and communication methods that suit the needs.  Conclusion: Students with mild mental disabilities, their parents, and teachers should be able to recognize the symptoms of PMS and PMDD so as to minimize their impact and optimize the treatment.

Keywords: menstrual disorders, mental disability